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Merge pull request #276 from fitzgen/team-and-book

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Add a guide, change log, enumerate team members, release template, etc
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.travis.yml
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@ -67,6 +67,19 @@ matrix:
- | - |
(cd examples/comments && sed -i 's/: "webpack-dev-server"/: "webpack"/' package.json && ./build.sh) (cd examples/comments && sed -i 's/: "webpack-dev-server"/: "webpack"/' package.json && ./build.sh)
# Build the guide.
- rust: stable
script: (cd guide && cargo install mdbook --vers "^0.1.0" && mdbook build)
deploy:
provider: pages
skip-cleanup: true
github-token: $GITHUB_TOKEN # Set in travis-ci.org dashboard, marked secure
local-dir: guide
keep-history: false
on:
branch: master
install: install:
- curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/creationix/nvm/v0.33.8/install.sh | bash - curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/creationix/nvm/v0.33.8/install.sh | bash

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# `wasm-bindgen` Change Log
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Unreleased
Released YYYY/MM/DD.
### Added
* TODO (or remove section if none)
### Changed
* TODO (or remove section if none)
### Deprecated
* TODO (or remove section if none)
### Removed
* TODO (or remove section if none)
### Fixed
* TODO (or remove section if none)
### Security
* TODO (or remove section if none)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## 0.2.11
Released 2018/05/24.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## 0.2.10
Released 2018/05/17.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## 0.2.9
Released 2018/05/11.

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CONTRIBUTING.md
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# Contributing # Contributing
This document contains instructions on how to get this project up and running. See the ["Contributing" section of the `wasm-bindgen`
For more information on the architecture, design, and goals of this project guide](https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-bindgen/contributing.html).
please checkout [`DESIGN.md`](DESIGN.md).
## Prerequisites
1. Rust Nightly. [Install Rust]. Once Rust is installed, run
```
rustup default nightly
```
[install Rust]: https://www.rust-lang.org/en-US/install.html
2. The tests for this project use Node. Make sure you have node >= 8 installed,
as that is when WebAssembly support was introduced. [Install Node].
[Install Node]: https://nodejs.org/en/
3. The tests for this project also use yarn, a package manager for Node. To install yarn, run:
```
npm install yarn -g
```
... or follow other platform-specific instructions [here](https://yarnpkg.com/en/docs/install).
Once `yarn` is installed, run it in the top level directory:
```
yarn
```
Finally, you can run the tests with `cargo`:
```
cargo test
```

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README.md
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# wasm-bindgen <meta charset="utf-8"/>
A project for facilitating high-level interactions between wasm modules and JS. # `wasm-bindgen`
[Introduction blog post][post] **Facilitating high-level interactions between wasm modules and JavaScript.**
[Introduction blog post: "JavaScript to Rust and Back Again: A `wasm-bindgen` Tale"][post]
[host]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/host-bindings [host]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/host-bindings
[post]: https://hacks.mozilla.org/2018/04/javascript-to-rust-and-back-again-a-wasm-bindgen-tale/ [post]: https://hacks.mozilla.org/2018/04/javascript-to-rust-and-back-again-a-wasm-bindgen-tale/
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen) [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen)
[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/559c0lj5oh271u4c?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/alexcrichton/wasm-bindgen) [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/559c0lj5oh271u4c?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/alexcrichton/wasm-bindgen)
[![](http://meritbadge.herokuapp.com/wasm-bindgen)](https://crates.io/crates/wasm-bindgen)
[![](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/wasm-bindgen.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/wasm-bindgen)
[![API Documentation on docs.rs](https://docs.rs/wasm-bindgen/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/wasm-bindgen)
This project is sort of half polyfill for features like the [host bindings Import JavaScript things into Rust and export Rust things to JavaScript.
proposal][host] and half features for empowering high-level interactions between
JS and wasm-compiled code (currently mostly from Rust). More specifically this
project allows JS/wasm to communicate with strings, JS objects, classes, etc, as
opposed to purely integers and floats. Using `wasm-bindgen` for example you can
define a JS class in Rust or take a string from JS or return one. The
functionality is growing as well!
Currently this tool is Rust-focused but the underlying foundation is `src/lib.rs`:
language-independent, and it's hoping that over time as this tool stabilizes
that it can be used for languages like C/C++!
Notable features of this project includes:
* Importing JS functionality in to Rust such as [DOM manipulation][dom-ex],
[console logging][console-log], or [performance monitoring][perf-ex].
* [Exporting Rust functionality][smorg-ex] to JS such as classes, functions, etc.
* Working with rich types like strings, numbers, classes, closures, and objects
rather than simply `u32` and floats.
This project is still relatively new but feedback is of course always
welcome! If you're curious about the design plus even more information about
what this crate can do, check out the [design doc].
[design doc]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/blob/master/DESIGN.md
[dom-ex]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/dom
[console-log]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/console_log
[perf-ex]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/performance
[smorg-ex]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/smorgasboard
[hello-online]: https://webassembly.studio/?f=gzubao6tg3
## Basic usage
Let's implement the equivalent of "Hello, world!" for this crate.
> **Note:** Currently this projects uses *nightly Rust* which you can acquire
> through [rustup] and configure with `rustup default nightly`
[rustup]: https://rustup.rs
If you'd like you dive [straight into an online example][hello-online], but
if you'd prefer to follow along in your own console let's install the tools we
need:
```
$ rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
$ cargo install wasm-bindgen-cli
```
The first command here installs the wasm target so you can compile to it, and
the latter will install the `wasm-bindgen` CLI tool we'll be using later.
Next up let's make our project
```
$ cargo new js-hello-world --lib
```
Now let's add a dependency on this project inside `Cargo.toml` as well as
configuring our build output:
```toml
[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib"]
[dependencies]
wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
```
Next up our actual code! We'll write this in `src/lib.rs`:
```rust ```rust
#![feature(proc_macro, wasm_custom_section, wasm_import_module)] #![feature(proc_macro, wasm_custom_section, wasm_import_module)]
extern crate wasm_bindgen; extern crate wasm_bindgen;
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*; use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
// Import the `window.alert` function from the Web.
#[wasm_bindgen] #[wasm_bindgen]
extern { extern {
fn alert(s: &str); fn alert(s: &str);
} }
// Export a `greet` function from Rust to JavaScript, that alerts a
// hello message.
#[wasm_bindgen] #[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn greet(name: &str) { pub fn greet(name: &str) {
alert(&format!("Hello, {}!", name)); alert(&format!("Hello, {}!", name));
} }
``` ```
And that's it! If we were to write the `greet` function naively without the Use exported Rust things from JavaScript!
`#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute then JS wouldn't be able to communicate with the
types like `str`, so slapping a `#[wasm_bindgen]` on the function and the import
of `alert` ensures that the right shims are generated.
Next up let's build our project: `index.js`:
```
$ cargo build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown
```
After this you'll have a wasm file at
`target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/debug/js_hello_world.wasm`. Don't be alarmed at
the size, this is an unoptimized program!
Now that we've generated the wasm module it's time to run the bindgen tool
itself! This tool will postprocess the wasm file rustc generated, generating a
new wasm file and a set of JS bindings as well. Let's invoke it!
```
$ wasm-bindgen target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/debug/js_hello_world.wasm \
--out-dir .
```
This is the main point where the magic happens. The `js_hello_world.wasm` file
emitted by rustc contains *descriptors* of how to communicate via richer types
than wasm currently supports. The `wasm-bindgen` tool will interpret this
information, emitting a **replacement module** for the wasm file.
The previous `js_hello_world.wasm` file is interpreted as if it were an ES6
module. The `js_hello_world.js` file emitted by `wasm-bindgen` should have the
intended interface of the wasm file, notably with rich types like strings,
classes, etc.
The `wasm-bindgen` tool also emits a few other files needed to implement this
module. For example `js_hello_world_bg.wasm` is the original wasm file but
postprocessed a bit. It's intended that the `js_hello_world_bg.wasm` file,
like before, acts like an ES6 module.
At this point you'll probably plug these files into a larger build system.
Files emitted by `wasm-bindgen` act like normal ES6 modules (one just happens to
be wasm). As of the time of this writing there's unfortunately not a lot of
tools that natively do this, but Webpack's 4.0 beta release has native wasm
support!. Let's take a look at that and see how it works.
First create an `index.js` file:
```js ```js
const helloWorld = import("./js_hello_world"); // Asynchronously load, compile, and import the Rust's WebAssembly
// and JavaScript interface.
helloWorld.then(wasmModule => { import("./hello_world").then(module => {
wasmModule.greet("World!"); // Alert "Hello, World!"
module.greet("World!");
}); });
``` ```
Note that we're using `import(..)` here because Webpack [doesn't ## Guide
support][webpack-issue] synchronously importing modules from the main chunk just
yet.
[webpack-issue]: https://github.com/webpack/webpack/issues/6615 [📚 Read the `wasm-bindgen` guide here! 📚](https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-bindgen)
Next our JS dependencies by creating a `package.json`: ## License
```json
{
"scripts": {
"serve": "webpack-dev-server"
},
"devDependencies": {
"webpack": "^4.0.1",
"webpack-cli": "^2.0.10",
"webpack-dev-server": "^3.1.0"
}
}
```
and our webpack configuration
```js
// webpack.config.js
const path = require('path');
module.exports = {
entry: "./index.js",
output: {
path: path.resolve(__dirname, "dist"),
filename: "index.js",
},
mode: "development"
};
```
Our corresponding `index.html`:
```html
<html>
<head>
<meta content="text/html;charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
</head>
<body>
<script src='./index.js'></script>
</body>
</html>
```
And finally:
```
$ npm run serve
```
If you open https://localhost:8080 in a browser you should see a `Hello, world!`
dialog pop up!
If that was all a bit much, no worries! You can [execute this code
online][hello-online] thanks to [WebAssembly Studio](https://webassembly.studio)
or you can [follow along on GitHub][hello-tree] to see all the files necessary
as well as a script to set it all up.
[hello-tree]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/hello_world
[hello-readme]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/hello_world/README.md
## What just happened?
Phew! That was a lot of words and a lot ended up happening along the way. There
were two main pieces of magic happening: the `#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute and the
`wasm-bindgen` CLI tool.
**The `#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute**
This attribute, exported from the `wasm-bindgen` crate, is the entrypoint to
exposing Rust functions to JS. This is a procedural macro (hence requiring the
nightly Rust toolchain) which will generate the appropriate shims in Rust to
translate from your type signature to one that JS can interface with. Finally
the attribute also serializes some information to the output artifact which
`wasm-bindgen`-the-tool will discard after it parses.
There's a more thorough explanation below of the various bits and pieces of the
attribute, but it suffices for now to say that you can attach it to free
functions, structs, impl blocks for those structs and `extern { ... }` blocks.
Some Rust features like generics, lifetime parameters, etc, aren't supported on
functions tagged with `#[wasm_bindgen]` right now.
**The `wasm-bindgen` CLI tool**
The next half of what happened here was all in the `wasm-bindgen` tool. This
tool opened up the wasm module that rustc generated and found an encoded
description of what was passed to the `#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute. You can
think of this as the `#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute created a special section of
the output module which `wasm-bindgen` strips and processes.
This information gave `wasm-bindgen` all it needed to know to generate the JS
file that we then imported. The JS file wraps instantiating the underlying wasm
module (aka calling `WebAssembly.instantiate`) and then provides wrappers for
classes/functions within.
## What else can we do?
Much more! Here's a taste of various features you can use in this project. You
can also [explore this code online](https://webassembly.studio/?f=t61j18noqz):
```rust
// src/lib.rs
#![feature(proc_macro, wasm_custom_section, wasm_import_module)]
extern crate wasm_bindgen;
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
// Strings can both be passed in and received
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn concat(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {
let mut a = a.to_string();
a.push_str(b);
return a
}
// A struct will show up as a class on the JS side of things
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub struct Foo {
contents: u32,
}
#[wasm_bindgen]
impl Foo {
pub fn new() -> Foo {
Foo { contents: 0 }
}
// Methods can be defined with `&mut self` or `&self`, and arguments you
// can pass to a normal free function also all work in methods.
pub fn add(&mut self, amt: u32) -> u32 {
self.contents += amt;
return self.contents
}
// You can also take a limited set of references to other types as well.
pub fn add_other(&mut self, bar: &Bar) {
self.contents += bar.contents;
}
// Ownership can work too!
pub fn consume_other(&mut self, bar: Bar) {
self.contents += bar.contents;
}
}
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub struct Bar {
contents: u32,
opaque: JsValue, // defined in `wasm_bindgen`, imported via prelude
}
#[wasm_bindgen(module = "./index")] // what ES6 module to import from
extern {
fn bar_on_reset(to: &str, opaque: &JsValue);
// We can import classes and annotate functionality on those classes as well
type Awesome;
#[wasm_bindgen(constructor)]
fn new() -> Awesome;
#[wasm_bindgen(method)]
fn get_internal(this: &Awesome) -> u32;
}
#[wasm_bindgen]
impl Bar {
pub fn from_str(s: &str, opaque: JsValue) -> Bar {
let contents = s.parse().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
Awesome::new().get_internal()
});
Bar { contents, opaque }
}
pub fn reset(&mut self, s: &str) {
if let Ok(n) = s.parse() {
bar_on_reset(s, &self.opaque);
self.contents = n;
}
}
}
```
The generated JS bindings for this invocation of the macro [look like
this][bindings]. You can view them in action like so:
[bindings]: https://gist.github.com/alexcrichton/3d85c505e785fb8ff32e2c1cf9618367
and our corresponding `index.js`:
```js
import { Foo, Bar, concat } from "./js_hello_world";
import { booted } from "./js_hello_world_wasm";
export function bar_on_reset(s, token) {
console.log(token);
console.log(`this instance of bar was reset to ${s}`);
}
function assertEq(a, b) {
if (a !== b)
throw new Error(`${a} != ${b}`);
console.log(`found ${a} === ${b}`);
}
function main() {
assertEq(concat('a', 'b'), 'ab');
// Note the `new Foo()` syntax cannot be used, static function
// constructors must be used instead. Additionally objects allocated
// corresponding to Rust structs will need to be deallocated on the
// Rust side of things with an explicit call to `free`.
let foo = Foo.new();
assertEq(foo.add(10), 10);
foo.free();
// Pass objects to one another
let foo1 = Foo.new();
let bar = Bar.from_str("22", { opaque: 'object' });
foo1.add_other(bar);
// We also don't have to `free` the `bar` variable as this function is
// transferring ownership to `foo1`
bar.reset('34');
foo1.consume_other(bar);
assertEq(foo1.add(2), 22 + 34 + 2);
foo1.free();
alert('all passed!')
}
export class Awesome {
constructor() {
this.internal = 32;
}
get_internal() {
return this.internal;
}
}
booted.then(main);
```
## Closures
The `#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute supports some Rust closures being passed to JS.
Examples of what you can do are:
```rust
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern {
fn foo(a: &Fn()); // could also be `&mut FnMut()`
}
```
Here a function `foo` is imported from JS where the first argument is a *stack
closure*. You can call this function with a `&Fn()` argument and JS will receive
a JS function. When the `foo` function returns, however, the JS function will be
invalidated and any future usage of it will raise an exception.
Closures also support arguments and return values like exports do, for example:
```rust
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern {
type Foo;
fn bar(a: &Fn(u32, String) -> Foo);
}
```
Sometimes the stack behavior of these closures is not desired. For example you'd
like to schedule a closure to be run on the next turn of the event loop in JS
through `setTimeout`. For this you want the imported function to return but the
JS closure still needs to be valid!
To support this use case you can do:
```rust
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern {
fn baz(a: &Closure<Fn()>);
}
```
The `Closure` type is defined in the `wasm_bindgen` crate and represents a "long
lived" closure. The JS closure passed to `baz` is still valid after `baz`
returns, and the validity of the JS closure is tied to the lifetime of the
`Closure` in Rust. Once `Closure` is dropped it will deallocate its internal
memory and invalidate the corresponding JS function.
Like stack closures a `Closure` also supports `FnMut`:
```rust
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern {
fn another(a: &Closure<FnMut() -> u32>);
}
```
At this time you cannot [pass a JS closure to Rust][cbjs], you can only pass a
Rust closure to JS in limited circumstances.
[cbjs]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/issues/103
## Feature reference
Here this section will attempt to be a reference for the various features
implemented in this project. This is likely not exhaustive but the [tests]
should also be a great place to look for examples.
[tests]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/tests
The `#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute can be attached to functions, structs,
impls, and foreign modules. Impls can only contain functions, and the attribute
cannot be attached to functions in an impl block or functions in a foreign
module. No lifetime parameters or type parameters are allowed on any of these
types. Foreign modules must have the `"C"` abi (or none listed). Free functions
with `#[wasm_bindgen]` might not have the `"C"` abi or none listed, and it's also not
necessary to annotate with the `#[no_mangle]` attribute.
All structs referenced through arguments to functions should be defined in the
macro itself. Arguments allowed implement the `WasmBoundary` trait, and examples
are:
* Integers (u64/i64 require `BigInt` support)
* Floats
* Borrowed strings (`&str`)
* Owned strings (`String`)
* Exported structs (`Foo`, annotated with `#[wasm_bindgen]`)
* Exported C-like enums (`Foo`, annotated with `#[wasm_bindgen]`)
* Imported types in a foreign module annotated with `#[wasm_bindgen]`
* Borrowed exported structs (`&Foo` or `&mut Bar`)
* The `JsValue` type and `&JsValue` (not mutable references)
* Vectors and slices of supported integer types and of the `JsValue` type.
All of the above can also be returned except borrowed references. Passing
`Vec<JsValue>` as an argument to a function is not currently supported. Strings are
implemented with shim functions to copy data in/out of the Rust heap. That is, a
string passed to Rust from JS is copied to the Rust heap (using a generated shim
to malloc some space) and then will be freed appropriately.
Owned values are implemented through boxes. When you return a `Foo` it's
actually turned into `Box<RefCell<Foo>>` under the hood and returned to JS as a
pointer. The pointer is to have a defined ABI, and the `RefCell` is to ensure
safety with reentrancy and aliasing in JS. In general you shouldn't see
`RefCell` panics with normal usage.
JS-values-in-Rust are implemented through indexes that index a table generated
as part of the JS bindings. This table is managed via the ownership specified in
Rust and through the bindings that we're returning. More information about this
can be found in the [design doc].
All of these constructs currently create relatively straightforward code on the
JS side of things, mostly having a 1:1 match in Rust with JS.
## CLI Reference
The `wasm-bindgen` tool has a number of options available to it to tweak the JS
that is generated. By default the generated JS uses ES modules and is compatible
with both Node and browsers (but will likely require a bundler for both use
cases).
Supported flags of the CLI tool can be learned via `wasm-bindgen --help`, but
some notable options are:
* `--nodejs` - this flag will tailor output for Node instead of browsers,
allowing for native usage of `require` of the generated JS and internally
using `require` instead of ES modules. When using this flag no further
postprocessing (aka a bundler) should be necessary to work with the wasm.
* `--browser` - this flag will tailor the output specifically for browsers,
making it incompatible with Node. This will basically make the generated JS a
tiny bit smaller as runtime checks for Node won't be necessary.
* `--no-modules` - the default output of `wasm-bindgen` uses ES modules but this
option indicates that ES modules should not be used and output should be
tailored for a web browser. In this mode `window.wasm_bindgen` will be a
function that takes a path to the wasm file to fetch and instantiate.
Afterwards exported functions from the wasm are available through
`window.wasm_bindgen.foo`. Note that the name `wasm_bindgen` can be configured
with the `--no-modules-global FOO` flag.
* `--no-typescript` - by default a `*.d.ts` file is generated for the generated
JS file, but this flag will disable generating this TypeScript file.
* `--debug` - generates a bit more JS and wasm in "debug mode" to help catch
programmer errors, but this output isn't intended to be shipped to production
# License
This project is licensed under either of This project is licensed under either of
@ -566,13 +67,13 @@ This project is licensed under either of
at your option. at your option.
### Contribution ## Contribution
**[See the "Contributing" section of the guide for information on
hacking on `wasm-bindgen`!][contributing]**
Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
for inclusion in this project by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, for inclusion in this project by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license,
shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions. shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
### Tests [contributing]: https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-bindgen/contributing.html
In order to run the tests you will need [node.js](https://nodejs.org/) version
8.9.4 or above. Running the tests is done by running `cargo test`.

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book

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[book]
authors = ["Nick Fitzgerald"]
multilingual = false
src = "src"
title = "The `wasm-bindgen` Guide"

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# Summary
[Introduction](./introduction.md)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- [Basic Usage](./basic-usage.md)
- [What Just Happened?](./what-just-happened.md)
- [What Else Can We Do?](./what-else-can-we-do.md)
- [Closures](./closures.md)
- [Feature Reference](./feature-reference.md)
- [CLI Reference](./cli-reference.md)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- [Contributing](./contributing.md)
- [Design](./design.md)
- [Team](./team.md)

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# Basic Usage
Let's implement the equivalent of "Hello, world!" for this crate.
> **Note:** Currently this projects uses *nightly Rust* which you can acquire
> through [rustup] and configure with `rustup default nightly`
[rustup]: https://rustup.rs
If you'd like you dive [straight into an online example][hello-online], but
if you'd prefer to follow along in your own console let's install the tools we
need:
```shell
$ rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
$ cargo +nightly install wasm-bindgen-cli
```
The first command here installs the wasm target so you can compile to it, and
the latter will install the `wasm-bindgen` CLI tool we'll be using later.
Next up let's make our project
```shell
$ cargo +nightly new js-hello-world --lib
```
Now let's add a dependency on this project inside `Cargo.toml` as well as
configuring our build output:
```toml
[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib"]
[dependencies]
wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
```
Next up our actual code! We'll write this in `src/lib.rs`:
```rust,ignore
#![feature(proc_macro, wasm_custom_section, wasm_import_module)]
extern crate wasm_bindgen;
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern {
fn alert(s: &str);
}
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn greet(name: &str) {
alert(&format!("Hello, {}!", name));
}
```
And that's it! If we were to write the `greet` function naively without the
`#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute then JS wouldn't be able to communicate with the
types like `str`, so slapping a `#[wasm_bindgen]` on the function and the import
of `alert` ensures that the right shims are generated.
Next up let's build our project:
```shell
$ cargo +nightly build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown
```
After this you'll have a wasm file at
`target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/debug/js_hello_world.wasm`. Don't be alarmed at
the size, this is an unoptimized program!
Now that we've generated the wasm module it's time to run the bindgen tool
itself! This tool will postprocess the wasm file rustc generated, generating a
new wasm file and a set of JS bindings as well. Let's invoke it!
```shell
$ wasm-bindgen target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/debug/js_hello_world.wasm \
--out-dir .
```
This is the main point where the magic happens. The `js_hello_world.wasm` file
emitted by rustc contains *descriptors* of how to communicate via richer types
than wasm currently supports. The `wasm-bindgen` tool will interpret this
information, emitting a **replacement module** for the wasm file.
The previous `js_hello_world.wasm` file is interpreted as if it were an ES6
module. The `js_hello_world.js` file emitted by `wasm-bindgen` should have the
intended interface of the wasm file, notably with rich types like strings,
classes, etc.
The `wasm-bindgen` tool also emits a few other files needed to implement this
module. For example `js_hello_world_bg.wasm` is the original wasm file but
postprocessed a bit. It's intended that the `js_hello_world_bg.wasm` file,
like before, acts like an ES6 module.
At this point you'll probably plug these files into a larger build system.
Files emitted by `wasm-bindgen` act like normal ES6 modules (one just happens to
be wasm). As of the time of this writing there's unfortunately not a lot of
tools that natively do this, but Webpack's 4.0 beta release has native wasm
support!. Let's take a look at that and see how it works.
First create an `index.js` file:
```js
const js = import("./js_hello_world");
js.then(js => {
js.greet("World!");
});
```
Note that we're using `import(..)` here because Webpack [doesn't
support][webpack-issue] synchronously importing modules from the main chunk just
yet.
[webpack-issue]: https://github.com/webpack/webpack/issues/6615
Next our JS dependencies by creating a `package.json`:
```json
{
"scripts": {
"serve": "webpack-dev-server"
},
"devDependencies": {
"webpack": "^4.0.1",
"webpack-cli": "^2.0.10",
"webpack-dev-server": "^3.1.0"
}
}
```
and our webpack configuration
```js
// webpack.config.js
const path = require('path');
module.exports = {
entry: "./index.js",
output: {
path: path.resolve(__dirname, "dist"),
filename: "index.js",
},
mode: "development"
};
```
Our corresponding `index.html`:
```html
<html>
<head>
<meta content="text/html;charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
</head>
<body>
<script src='./index.js'></script>
</body>
</html>
```
And finally:
```shell
$ npm run serve
```
If you open https://localhost:8080 in a browser you should see a `Hello, world!`
dialog pop up!
If that was all a bit much, no worries! You can [execute this code
online][hello-online] thanks to [WebAssembly Studio](https://webassembly.studio)
or you can [follow along on GitHub][hello-tree] to see all the files necessary
as well as a script to set it all up.
[hello-tree]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/hello_world
[hello-readme]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/hello_world/README.md

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# CLI Reference
The `wasm-bindgen` tool has a number of options available to it to tweak the JS
that is generated. By default the generated JS uses ES modules and is compatible
with both Node and browsers (but will likely require a bundler for both use
cases).
Supported flags of the CLI tool can be learned via `wasm-bindgen --help`, but
some notable options are:
* `--nodejs`: this flag will tailor output for Node instead of browsers,
allowing for native usage of `require` of the generated JS and internally
using `require` instead of ES modules. When using this flag no further
postprocessing (aka a bundler) should be necessary to work with the wasm.
* `--browser`: this flag will tailor the output specifically for browsers,
making it incompatible with Node. This will basically make the generated JS a
tiny bit smaller as runtime checks for Node won't be necessary.
* `--no-modules`: the default output of `wasm-bindgen` uses ES modules but this
option indicates that ES modules should not be used and output should be
tailored for a web browser. In this mode `window.wasm_bindgen` will be a
function that takes a path to the wasm file to fetch and instantiate.
Afterwards exported functions from the wasm are available through
`window.wasm_bindgen.foo`. Note that the name `wasm_bindgen` can be configured
with the `--no-modules-global FOO` flag.
* `--no-typescript`: by default a `*.d.ts` file is generated for the generated
JS file, but this flag will disable generating this TypeScript file.
* `--debug`: generates a bit more JS and wasm in "debug mode" to help catch
programmer errors, but this output isn't intended to be shipped to production

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# Closures
The `#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute supports some Rust closures being passed to JS.
Examples of what you can do are:
```rust
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern {
fn foo(a: &Fn()); // could also be `&mut FnMut()`
}
```
Here a function `foo` is imported from JS where the first argument is a *stack
closure*. You can call this function with a `&Fn()` argument and JS will receive
a JS function. When the `foo` function returns, however, the JS function will be
invalidated and any future usage of it will raise an exception.
Closures also support arguments and return values like exports do, for example:
```rust
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern {
type Foo;
fn bar(a: &Fn(u32, String) -> Foo);
}
```
Sometimes the stack behavior of these closures is not desired. For example you'd
like to schedule a closure to be run on the next turn of the event loop in JS
through `setTimeout`. For this you want the imported function to return but the
JS closure still needs to be valid!
To support this use case you can do:
```rust
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern {
fn baz(a: &Closure<Fn()>);
}
```
The `Closure` type is defined in the `wasm_bindgen` crate and represents a "long
lived" closure. The JS closure passed to `baz` is still valid after `baz`
returns, and the validity of the JS closure is tied to the lifetime of the
`Closure` in Rust. Once `Closure` is dropped it will deallocate its internal
memory and invalidate the corresponding JS function.
Like stack closures a `Closure` also supports `FnMut`:
```rust
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern {
fn another(a: &Closure<FnMut() -> u32>);
}
```
At this time you cannot [pass a JS closure to Rust][cbjs], you can only pass a
Rust closure to JS in limited circumstances.
[cbjs]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/issues/103

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# Contributing to `wasm-bindgen`
This section contains instructions on how to get this project up and running for
development.
## Prerequisites
1. Rust Nightly. [Install Rust]. Once Rust is installed, run
```shell
rustup default nightly
```
[install Rust]: https://www.rust-lang.org/en-US/install.html
2. The tests for this project use Node. Make sure you have node >= 8 installed,
as that is when WebAssembly support was introduced. [Install Node].
[Install Node]: https://nodejs.org/en/
3. The tests for this project also use `yarn`, a package manager for Node. To
install `yarn`, run:
```shell
npm install -g yarn
```
or follow other platform-specific instructions
[here](https://yarnpkg.com/en/docs/install).
Once `yarn` is installed, run it in the top level directory:
```shell
yarn
```
## Running Tests
Finally, you can run the tests with `cargo`:
```shell
cargo test
```

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# Feature Reference
Here this section will attempt to be a reference for the various features
implemented in this project. This is likely not exhaustive but the [tests]
should also be a great place to look for examples.
[tests]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/tests
The `#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute can be attached to functions, structs,
impls, and foreign modules. Impls can only contain functions, and the attribute
cannot be attached to functions in an impl block or functions in a foreign
module. No lifetime parameters or type parameters are allowed on any of these
types. Foreign modules must have the `"C"` abi (or none listed). Free functions
with `#[wasm_bindgen]` might not have the `"C"` abi or none listed, and it's also not
necessary to annotate with the `#[no_mangle]` attribute.
All structs referenced through arguments to functions should be defined in the
macro itself. Arguments allowed implement the `WasmBoundary` trait, and examples
are:
* Integers (u64/i64 require `BigInt` support)
* Floats
* Borrowed strings (`&str`)
* Owned strings (`String`)
* Exported structs (`Foo`, annotated with `#[wasm_bindgen]`)
* Exported C-like enums (`Foo`, annotated with `#[wasm_bindgen]`)
* Imported types in a foreign module annotated with `#[wasm_bindgen]`
* Borrowed exported structs (`&Foo` or `&mut Bar`)
* The `JsValue` type and `&JsValue` (not mutable references)
* Vectors and slices of supported integer types and of the `JsValue` type.
All of the above can also be returned except borrowed references. Passing
`Vec<JsValue>` as an argument to a function is not currently supported. Strings are
implemented with shim functions to copy data in/out of the Rust heap. That is, a
string passed to Rust from JS is copied to the Rust heap (using a generated shim
to malloc some space) and then will be freed appropriately.
Owned values are implemented through boxes. When you return a `Foo` it's
actually turned into `Box<RefCell<Foo>>` under the hood and returned to JS as a
pointer. The pointer is to have a defined ABI, and the `RefCell` is to ensure
safety with reentrancy and aliasing in JS. In general you shouldn't see
`RefCell` panics with normal usage.
JS-values-in-Rust are implemented through indexes that index a table generated
as part of the JS bindings. This table is managed via the ownership specified in
Rust and through the bindings that we're returning. More information about this
can be found in the [design doc].
All of these constructs currently create relatively straightforward code on the
JS side of things, mostly having a 1:1 match in Rust with JS.

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# Introduction
`wasm-bindgen` facilitates high-level interactions between wasm modules and
JavaScript.
This project is sort of half polyfill for features like the [host bindings
proposal][host] and half features for empowering high-level interactions between
JS and wasm-compiled code (currently mostly from Rust). More specifically this
project allows JS/wasm to communicate with strings, JS objects, classes, etc, as
opposed to purely integers and floats. Using `wasm-bindgen` for example you can
define a JS class in Rust or take a string from JS or return one. The
functionality is growing as well!
Currently this tool is Rust-focused but the underlying foundation is
language-independent, and it's hoping that over time as this tool stabilizes
that it can be used for languages like C/C++!
Notable features of this project includes:
* Importing JS functionality in to Rust such as [DOM manipulation][dom-ex],
[console logging][console-log], or [performance monitoring][perf-ex].
* [Exporting Rust functionality][smorg-ex] to JS such as classes, functions, etc.
* Working with rich types like strings, numbers, classes, closures, and objects
rather than simply `u32` and floats.
This project is still relatively new but feedback is of course always
welcome! If you're curious about the design plus even more information about
what this crate can do, check out the [design doc].
[host]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/host-bindings
[design doc]: https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-bindgen/design.html
[dom-ex]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/dom
[console-log]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/console_log
[perf-ex]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/performance
[smorg-ex]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/smorgasboard
[hello-online]: https://webassembly.studio/?f=gzubao6tg3

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# Team
`wasm-bindgen` follows the [`rustwasm` organization's governance described
here][governance]:
* All pull requests (including those made by a team member) must be approved by
at least one other team member.
* Larger, more nuanced decisions about design, architecture, breaking changes,
trade offs, etc are made by team consensus.
[governance]: https://github.com/rustwasm/team/blob/master/GOVERNANCE.md#repositories
## Members
<style>
img {
max-width: 117px;
max-height: 117px;
}
</style>
| [![](https://github.com/alexcrichton.png?size=117)][alexcrichton] | [![](https://github.com/fitzgen.png?size=117)][fitzgen] | [![](https://github.com/spastorino.png?size=117)][spastorino] | [![](https://github.com/ohanar.png?size=117)][ohanar] |
|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
| [`alexcrichton`][alexcrichton] | [`fitzgen`][fitzgen] | [`spastorino`][spastorino] | [`ohanar`][ohanar] |
[alexcrichton]: https://github.com/alexcrichton
[fitzgen]: https://github.com/fitzgen
[spastorino]: https://github.com/spastorino
[ohanar]: https://github.com/ohanar

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# What Else Can We Do?
Much more! Here's a taste of various features you can use in this project. You
can also [explore this code online](https://webassembly.studio/?f=t61j18noqz):
```rust,ignore
// src/lib.rs
#![feature(proc_macro, wasm_custom_section, wasm_import_module)]
extern crate wasm_bindgen;
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
// Strings can both be passed in and received
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn concat(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {
let mut a = a.to_string();
a.push_str(b);
return a
}
// A struct will show up as a class on the JS side of things
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub struct Foo {
contents: u32,
}
#[wasm_bindgen]
impl Foo {
pub fn new() -> Foo {
Foo { contents: 0 }
}
// Methods can be defined with `&mut self` or `&self`, and arguments you
// can pass to a normal free function also all work in methods.
pub fn add(&mut self, amt: u32) -> u32 {
self.contents += amt;
return self.contents
}
// You can also take a limited set of references to other types as well.
pub fn add_other(&mut self, bar: &Bar) {
self.contents += bar.contents;
}
// Ownership can work too!
pub fn consume_other(&mut self, bar: Bar) {
self.contents += bar.contents;
}
}
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub struct Bar {
contents: u32,
opaque: JsValue, // defined in `wasm_bindgen`, imported via prelude
}
#[wasm_bindgen(module = "./index")] // what ES6 module to import from
extern {
fn bar_on_reset(to: &str, opaque: &JsValue);
// We can import classes and annotate functionality on those classes as well
type Awesome;
#[wasm_bindgen(constructor)]
fn new() -> Awesome;
#[wasm_bindgen(method)]
fn get_internal(this: &Awesome) -> u32;
}
#[wasm_bindgen]
impl Bar {
pub fn from_str(s: &str, opaque: JsValue) -> Bar {
let contents = s.parse().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
Awesome::new().get_internal()
});
Bar { contents, opaque }
}
pub fn reset(&mut self, s: &str) {
if let Ok(n) = s.parse() {
bar_on_reset(s, &self.opaque);
self.contents = n;
}
}
}
```
The generated JS bindings for this invocation of the macro [look like
this][bindings]. You can view them in action like so:
[bindings]: https://gist.github.com/alexcrichton/3d85c505e785fb8ff32e2c1cf9618367
and our corresponding `index.js`:
```js
import { Foo, Bar, concat } from "./js_hello_world";
import { booted } from "./js_hello_world_wasm";
export function bar_on_reset(s, token) {
console.log(token);
console.log(`this instance of bar was reset to ${s}`);
}
function assertEq(a, b) {
if (a !== b)
throw new Error(`${a} != ${b}`);
console.log(`found ${a} === ${b}`);
}
function main() {
assertEq(concat('a', 'b'), 'ab');
// Note the `new Foo()` syntax cannot be used, static function
// constructors must be used instead. Additionally objects allocated
// corresponding to Rust structs will need to be deallocated on the
// Rust side of things with an explicit call to `free`.
let foo = Foo.new();
assertEq(foo.add(10), 10);
foo.free();
// Pass objects to one another
let foo1 = Foo.new();
let bar = Bar.from_str("22", { opaque: 'object' });
foo1.add_other(bar);
// We also don't have to `free` the `bar` variable as this function is
// transferring ownership to `foo1`
bar.reset('34');
foo1.consume_other(bar);
assertEq(foo1.add(2), 22 + 34 + 2);
foo1.free();
alert('all passed!')
}
export class Awesome {
constructor() {
this.internal = 32;
}
get_internal() {
return this.internal;
}
}
booted.then(main);
```

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# What Just Happened?
Phew! That was a lot of words and a lot ended up happening along the way. There
were two main pieces of magic happening: the `#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute and the
`wasm-bindgen` CLI tool.
**The `#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute**
This attribute, exported from the `wasm-bindgen` crate, is the entrypoint to
exposing Rust functions to JS. This is a procedural macro (hence requiring the
nightly Rust toolchain) which will generate the appropriate shims in Rust to
translate from your type signature to one that JS can interface with. Finally
the attribute also serializes some information to the output artifact which
`wasm-bindgen`-the-tool will discard after it parses.
There's a more thorough explanation below of the various bits and pieces of the
attribute, but it suffices for now to say that you can attach it to free
functions, structs, impl blocks for those structs and `extern { ... }` blocks.
Some Rust features like generics, lifetime parameters, etc, aren't supported on
functions tagged with `#[wasm_bindgen]` right now.
**The `wasm-bindgen` CLI tool**
The next half of what happened here was all in the `wasm-bindgen` tool. This
tool opened up the wasm module that rustc generated and found an encoded
description of what was passed to the `#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute. You can
think of this as the `#[wasm_bindgen]` attribute created a special section of
the output module which `wasm-bindgen` strips and processes.
This information gave `wasm-bindgen` all it needed to know to generate the JS
file that we then imported. The JS file wraps instantiating the underlying wasm
module (aka calling `WebAssembly.instantiate`) and then provides wrappers for
classes/functions within.

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#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -eu
set -o pipefail
cd $(dirname $0)
if [[ -z "${1+x}" ]]; then
read -p "List friends since which commit/tag? " since
echo
else
since=$1
fi
git shortlog -s -n "$since.." \
| cut -f 2- \
| sort -u \
| grep -v bors\-servo \
| xargs -d '\n' -I{} echo "- {}"

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# Announcing `wasm-bindgen` $TODO_VERSION
`wasm-bindgen` facilitates high-level interactions between wasm modules and
JavaScript.
* [GitHub][]
* [crates.io][]
* [The `wasm-bindgen` Guide][guide]
Upgrade to this release by updating your `Cargo.toml`:
```toml
wasm-bindgen = "$TODO_VERSION"
```
## Changelog
<insert relevant section of CHANGELOG.md here>
## Friends
Thanks to everyone who contributed to this release!
<insert the output of friends.sh here>
## Contributing
Want to join us? Check out our [The "Contributing" section of the
guide][contributing] and take a look at some of these issues:
* [Issues labeled "good first issue"][good-first-issue]
* [Issues labeled "help wanted"][help-wanted]
[GitHub]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen
[crates.io]: https://crates.io/crates/wasm-bindgen
[guide]: https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-bindgen
[contributing]: https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-bindgen/contributing.md
[good-first-issue]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/labels/good%20first%20issue
[help-wanted]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/labels/help%20wanted