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<ol class="chapter"><li class="affix"><a href="../../introduction.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li><a href="../../examples/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../../examples/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/console-log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Using console.log</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/add.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Small wasm files</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/without-a-bundler.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Without a Bundler</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/wasm2js.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Converting WebAssembly to JS</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/import-js.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> Importing functions from JS</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/char.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Working with char</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/wasm-in-wasm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> js-sys: WebAssembly in WebAssembly</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/dom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.9.</strong> web-sys: DOM hello world</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.10.</strong> web-sys: Closures</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.11.</strong> web-sys: performance.now</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/fetch.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.12.</strong> web-sys: using fetch</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/2d-canvas.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.13.</strong> web-sys: canvas hello world</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/julia.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.14.</strong> web-sys: canvas Julia set</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/web-audio.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.15.</strong> web-sys: WebAudio</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/webgl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.16.</strong> web-sys: WebGL</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/websockets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.17.</strong> web-sys: WebSockets</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/webrtc_datachannel.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.18.</strong> web-sys: WebRTC DataChannel</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/request-animation-frame.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.19.</strong> web-sys: requestAnimationFrame</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/paint.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.20.</strong> web-sys: A Simple Paint Program</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/raytrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.21.</strong> Parallel Raytracing</a></li><li><a href="../../examples/todomvc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.22.</strong> web-sys: A TODO MVC App</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../../reference/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Reference</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../../reference/deployment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Deployment</a></li><li><a href="../../reference/js-snippets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> JS snippets</a></li><li><a href="../../reference/passing-rust-closures-to-js.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Passing Rust Closures to JS</a></li><li><a href="../../reference/receiving-js-closures-in-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Receiving JS Closures in Rust</a></li><li><a href="../../reference/js-promises-and-rust-futures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Promises and Futures</a></li><li><a href="../../reference/iterating-over-js-values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> Iterating over JS Values</a></li><li><a href="../../reference/arbitrary-data-with-serde.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> Arbitrary Data with Serde</a></li><li><a href="../../reference/accessing-properties-of-untyped-js-values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> Accessing Properties of Untyped JS Values</a></li><li><a href="../../reference/working-with-duck-typed-interfaces.html"><
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This is the <strong>unpublished</strong> documentation of
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<code>wasm-bindgen</code>, the published documentation is available
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<a href="https://rustwasm.github.io/docs/wasm-bindgen/">
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on the main Rust and WebAssembly documentation site
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<code>wasm-bindgen</code>.
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<h1 class="menu-title">The `wasm-bindgen` Guide</h1>
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<main>
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<h1><a class="header" href="#exporting-a-function-to-js" id="exporting-a-function-to-js">Exporting a function to JS</a></h1>
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<p>Alright now that we've got a good grasp on JS objects and how they're working,
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let's take a look at another feature of <code>wasm-bindgen</code>: exporting functionality
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with types that are richer than just numbers.</p>
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<p>The basic idea around exporting functionality with more flavorful types is that
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the wasm exports won't actually be called directly. Instead the generated
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<code>foo.js</code> module will have shims for all exported functions in the wasm module.</p>
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<p>The most interesting conversion here happens with strings so let's take a look
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at that.</p>
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<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
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# #![allow(unused_variables)]
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#fn main() {
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#[wasm_bindgen]
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pub fn greet(a: &str) -> String {
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format!("Hello, {}!", a)
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}
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#}</code></pre></pre>
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<p>Here we'd like to define an ES module that looks like</p>
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<pre><code class="language-ts">// foo.d.ts
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export function greet(a: string): string;
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</code></pre>
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<p>To see what's going on, let's take a look at the generated shim</p>
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<pre><code class="language-js">import * as wasm from './foo_bg';
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function passStringToWasm(arg) {
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const buf = new TextEncoder('utf-8').encode(arg);
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const len = buf.length;
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const ptr = wasm.__wbindgen_malloc(len);
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let array = new Uint8Array(wasm.memory.buffer);
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array.set(buf, ptr);
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return [ptr, len];
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}
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function getStringFromWasm(ptr, len) {
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const mem = new Uint8Array(wasm.memory.buffer);
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const slice = mem.slice(ptr, ptr + len);
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const ret = new TextDecoder('utf-8').decode(slice);
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return ret;
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}
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export function greet(arg0) {
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const [ptr0, len0] = passStringToWasm(arg0);
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try {
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const ret = wasm.greet(ptr0, len0);
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const ptr = wasm.__wbindgen_boxed_str_ptr(ret);
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const len = wasm.__wbindgen_boxed_str_len(ret);
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const realRet = getStringFromWasm(ptr, len);
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wasm.__wbindgen_boxed_str_free(ret);
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return realRet;
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} finally {
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wasm.__wbindgen_free(ptr0, len0);
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>Phew, that's quite a lot! We can sort of see though if we look closely what's
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happening:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>Strings are passed to wasm via two arguments, a pointer and a length. Right
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now we have to copy the string onto the wasm heap which means we'll be using
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<code>TextEncoder</code> to actually do the encoding. Once this is done we use an
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internal function in <code>wasm-bindgen</code> to allocate space for the string to go,
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and then we'll pass that ptr/length to wasm later on.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Returning strings from wasm is a little tricky as we need to return a ptr/len
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pair, but wasm currently only supports one return value (multiple return values
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<a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/design/issues/1146">is being standardized</a>).
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To work around this in the meantime, we're actually returning a pointer to a
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ptr/len pair, and then using functions to access the various fields.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Some cleanup ends up happening in wasm. The <code>__wbindgen_boxed_str_free</code>
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function is used to free the return value of <code>greet</code> after it's been decoded
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onto the JS heap (using <code>TextDecoder</code>). The <code>__wbindgen_free</code> is then used to
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free the space we allocated to pass the string argument once the function call
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is done.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Next let's take a look at the Rust side of things as well. Here we'll be looking
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at a mostly abbreviated and/or "simplified" in the sense of this is what it
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compiles down to:</p>
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||
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<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
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||
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# #![allow(unused_variables)]
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|
#fn main() {
|
||
|
|
pub extern "C" fn greet(a: &str) -> String {
|
||
|
|
format!("Hello, {}!", a)
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
#[export_name = "greet"]
|
||
|
|
pub extern "C" fn __wasm_bindgen_generated_greet(
|
||
|
|
arg0_ptr: *const u8,
|
||
|
|
arg0_len: usize,
|
||
|
|
) -> *mut String {
|
||
|
|
let arg0 = unsafe {
|
||
|
|
let slice = ::std::slice::from_raw_parts(arg0_ptr, arg0_len);
|
||
|
|
::std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(slice)
|
||
|
|
};
|
||
|
|
let _ret = greet(arg0);
|
||
|
|
Box::into_raw(Box::new(_ret))
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
#}</code></pre></pre>
|
||
|
|
<p>Here we can see again that our <code>greet</code> function is unmodified and has a wrapper
|
||
|
|
to call it. This wrapper will take the ptr/len argument and convert it to a
|
||
|
|
string slice, while the return value is boxed up into just a pointer and is
|
||
|
|
then returned up to was for reading via the <code>__wbindgen_boxed_str_*</code> functions.</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>So in general exporting a function involves a shim both in JS and in Rust with
|
||
|
|
each side translating to or from wasm arguments to the native types of each
|
||
|
|
language. The <code>wasm-bindgen</code> tool manages hooking up all these shims while the
|
||
|
|
<code>#[wasm_bindgen]</code> macro takes care of the Rust shim as well.</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Most arguments have a relatively clear way to convert them, bit if you've got
|
||
|
|
any questions just let me know!</p>
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